Density Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Density - Lab Report Example Moreover, the density of water commonly known as 1.00 g/cm3 or 1.00 g/ml is found empirically to be 0.998 g/ml whereas the density of copper which in theory is approximately 8.94 g/ml turns out 8.5 g/ml in the lab. The apparent slight differences between the actual and theoretical figures may be accounted for by error through inaccurate reading of measurements with the device or tool used. Another source of error (other than human fault) may be attributed to unnoticed defect in apparatus or measuring scale which has not been properly calibrated. Density of solid or liquid materials is an intensive property of matter that is why it does not depend on the quantity of material in reference to being mass per unit volume. Because in class we study significant figures and dimensional analysis which involves units of length, mass, volume, as well as their equivalent conversions in other units, the lab establishes relevance as we work in it to experience and learn how to deal with measurements in real life. We have been able to understand that the method of finding density may be carried out by the task of acquiring measures of mass and volume of a substance which can also be made useful in scientific analysis of other

19th christianity accomdodationist vs. protectionist Biblical critics Essay

19th christianity accomdodationist vs. protectionist Biblical critics - Essay Example Van Gogh and Monet painted vivid paintings, Beethoven and Chopin composed wonderful pieces, and Dickens and Dickenson wrote beautiful passages. The continuing developments in the understanding of the natural law of the world raised questions about Christianity. Historical consciousness in addition to nineteenth century advancements created a field of Biblical Critics and Protectionists, as more people looked at the occurrences in the Bible. ‘Accommodationist’ held the position that Christianity must change in a way that reflects advances in science, philosophy, and biblical scholarship. ‘Protectionist’ held that Christianity had no obligation to change, and Christianity must be protected from the challenges that scholarship presents. Both sides had many scholars. This paper looks at the accommodation view held by Strauss versus the protection view held by A.A. Hodge and B.B. Warfield. Strauss believed the essence of Christianity was true, but critically disagreed with many important tenets of the faith. â€Å"To all, belief, not built on demonstration, doubt is inherent, though it may not be developed†¦.just as the believer is intrinsically a skeptic or critic, so on the other hand, the critic is intrinsically a believer† (Strauss, 157). Strauss stated the Bible came into its being through mythical means. He believed that Jesus unified God and humanity. However, Jesus did not perform miracles. Instead, the stories of Jesus’ miracles were added to the Bible through orally transmitted stories that by the time the disciples wrote the New Testament were showing that Jesus had disobeyed natural laws. â€Å"The mythical view once admitted, innumerable, and the never otherwise to be harmonized, discrepancies and chronological contradictions in the Gospel histories disappear, as it were at one stroke† (Strauss, 56). Strauss claimed that mysticis m appeared throughout the Bible. Strauss claimed mysticism created Jesus’

Concept of Applied Geology

Concept of Applied Geology Introduction The concept of Applied Geology to investigation of the ground for construction, hydrogeology, environmental geology and mining, is fundamental and it is a prerequisite for a durable result in any geological and engineering scheme. The timeline and strength with cost effectiveness and the knowledge of the geology of a terrain in any engineering, mining and geological schemes; roads, borehole drills, bridges, seismic operation, building of factories etc, are fundamentals that a contractor or an organisation embarking on either geological or engineering projects should be equipped with . The need for an established scrutiny and evaluation of geological features in any project sites hold the key for efficacious results in terms of its durability and efficiency. The main criterion for ground investigation varies with the magnitude and scope of a proposed engineering project; the appropriateness of the site, the site conditions, ground properties, and ground data for analysis aims. Ground investigation is the more restrictive phase of specialist intrusive investigation on a site with the associated monitory test and reporting designed to obtain data from three different aspects of the ground conditions, which are drift and soil condition, with laboratory test and application of soil mechanics technique, rock head, whose depth is commonly significant to excavation and foundations; bedrocks, strength and structural variation. The Concept of Ground Investigation (GI) Ground investigation is the concept of providing geotechnical data which are representative of the ground conditions and relevant to the scheme considered. This includes surface and subsurface investigation, laboratory work and factual reporting. When embarking on ground investigations these are some of the ground conditions needed: Fracture conditions of the rocks, with respect to the rock mass strength it determines. Geological history, and stress conditions in the ground, critical to underground engineering, such as mining and tunnels. Ground conditions and slope stability, with regards to pore and joint water pressure. Quaternary evolution, mainly rock weathering and deterioration by erosion. Man made impacts on the ground, which includes contamination of Brownfield sites. Nature and strength of rocks and soil, and the difficulties that these may pose in construction. In attaining the right data for an engineering or geological project, Ground investigation must surpass all the ground conditions for proper established analysis and the geological principles mentioned should be incorporated properly regardless of any unseen circumstances that may arise. Carrying out field assessments through ground investigation at an early stage in a project is very relevant in order to attain a preferred means of accessing the choice of techniques that can be used in preliminary ground investigation. The topography of a terrain is an essential factor for determining a preferential route, which in some cases may need to be modified depending on the nature of the terrain. Access route with low ground and shallow depth to water table which may be subjected to flood with thick organic deposits, such as peat, unstable ground and areas exposed to severe weathering conditions are one of the features in the topography of an area. Nature is the most complex barrier in grou nd investigation with defining features like deep valley, steep hill side, rivers, and huge rock outcrop, such as batholite. However, ground investigation outlines areas where the ground has adequate capacity in strength to sustain weight; most rocks or soil usually take the form of pad especially for construction purposes and mining. One of the major factors in the geological approach is the need to formulate ways of addressing issues that are of great concern in a topographic terrain. Concept for Construction The geological model in ground investigation has been formulated so as present a clearer picture of ground conditions. The concept of these views is presented in 3-D of geological features which are integrated into independent components of ground conditions. These are; Tectonic that outline the background data Geological to provide the broad ground picture Geomorphologic with the near/surface details In order to expose deficiencies of ground condition on site, and focus attention on potential engineering issues the model drawing must be well detailed with required artistic ability. The concept of a geotechnical investigation model is prefer construction model through ground investigation that will provide useful information and detailed design and layout for project managers and some contractors who do not posses geological or geotechnical know how. It has also gone a long way in identifying areas of difficulties, and the scale of potential geo-hazards that may occur and preferred solutions on them. These are the geological model reports that are carried out during ground investigations; Factual data with geological records Interpretation of the ground properties and conditions related to the construction projects, potential problems and the limitations of data. Furthermore, trial pits including headings (horizontal or with slight inclination) and shaft (vertical or with steeps inclination) drill and so called small-scale drill are direct investigation methods which allows an inspection of soil and rock, their sampling and their performance evaluation in the field gives an overview of the suitability of some direct investigation methods for soil and rocks in construction processes. The Concept for Hydrogeology Geology and hydrogeology are used to investigate lithological structures in determining the homogeneity of rocks in locating fractures and understanding the permeability of a rock with regards to water, gas and various contaminants underground in order to assess the mechanical stability and gather data from the groundwater system. In ground investigations, groundwater transport flow can be highlighted in such a manner that aquifers can be estimated and potential contamination analysed. The purpose of geological and hydrogeological surveys is to gain direct information by outcrop examination; digging trenches, boreholes drilling, conducting hydraulic test, such as (pumping test analysis and tracer tests) in wells to determine the situ hydraulic properties of that well. This process has been accomplished by field mapping, drill cores examination, construction and expansion of a network of groundwater observation wells. Sampling of rocks, soil and groundwater are taken, in order to dete rmine the physical, chemical, petrographic and mineralogical parameters in laboratory to analyse the texture of the rock and soil sample. The Concept for Environmental Geology Modern landfill disposal facilities require detailed investigations, in order to ensure that appropriate designs and safety precautions are put in place. Legislations generally require that those responsible for waste disposal facilities to guarantee that the sites are suitably contained as to prevent harming the environment and this can only be carried out by the assistance of the geologists to conducting detailed site investigation. In some cases, this may require that investigations may continue during and after construction of a landfill site, depending on the geological parameters of the environment and the construction mechanism, which may require adequate attention from time to time. Selection of a landfill site for a particular waste or a mixture of wastes involves a consideration of economic and social factors, as well as geological and hydrogeological conditions. A geophysical method was introduced to develop a model to detect and analyse abandoned landfill and contaminated plume in the environment. It is also use in locating fractured zones and obtaining other vital lithologic information from the ground. There are other Valuable ways for a meaningful use of the geophysical methods, such as electrical resistivity method, magnetic, seismic and gravity method; depending on the physical parameters in ground investigation. Geophysical methods supplement each other because they are sensitive for various physical parameters. Ground penetration radar is used in places with low and dry conductivity rock and also to check for contaminants from these landfill areas penetrating through a rock fault to the ground water. Seismic methods are used to investigate structures and lithology. Magnetic and electromagnetic surveys are very helpful in locating concealed landfill sites. These methods are easy and fast to conduct and can cove vast area in a short ti me. Electromagnetic, seismic, gravity and resistivity methods are used for ground water geophysical investigation on a regional scale. Geophysical surveys helps to obtain subsurface data on the possible location of groundwater aquifer and the area where a drill borehole can be located. The Concept for Mining In mining, geologist monitors the rock mass behaviour in ground excavations and tunnels. This rock mass behaviour forms the basis for determining the excavations and its support methods as well as assisting in evaluating and monitoring data during the overall processes. Ground investigation for an underground structure is a difficult task which in many cases does not get a proper analysis. The basic aspect of ground investigation is to develop a consistent ground modelling which includes all the geotechnical and hydraulic aspect necessary for the underground structures as the major concept of the construction contract. Rock geometry modelling and mechanical behaviour of rock masses depends on the understanding of the geological processes and their complex interactions such as deformation, weathering and metamorphosis (Steidl 2003). The correct transfer of the geological to geotechnical rock mass model and its implications into a proper design is one of the most challenging tasks in underground design project. The purpose of a comprehensive mining investigation as a sound geological modelling is for careful selection of rock mass parameters beneath the earth; geologic singularity of rock mass model such as lithological boundaries, faults and aquifers which have significant effects on underground mining, such as tunnel. Singularity data in underground mining or tunnel appear in procedures which can be either measured in boreholes, outcrops, aerial and satellite image in a statistical distributions, sometimes roughly estimated. The rock mass behaviour is as a result of a failure of the rock mass surrounding the underground wall. Each failure mechanism can be computed with appropriate analytical model and classified into defined Behaviour Types (Goricki 2003). Different failure mechanisms can be classified into gravity controlled failure of highly fractured rocks mass, stressed induced failure such as shear failure, key blocks, rock burst, buckling, spalling and plastification and some other failure geologic models. Conclusion Ground investigation, topographical surveys are essential part of the design process for any major infrastructure development. They reveal information about the ground conditions in any given area and even indicate whether the location can support any major structures. Their findings of these surveys not only inform the alignment of the scheme but also construction technics. During ground investigation issues like complex conditions on the ground may arise within a project area. The findings or results after the ground investigation has been finalised will gives a possible means of addressing its causes and prefer ways to minimize its effects by indicating the no go zones. The most common ground condition issues are: Flowing groundwater or methane gas Natural or artificial cavities within bedrock Soil and variable drift materials Weathered, weak or fractured bedrock Active or potential failure and landslide Compressive landfill, with or without soft spots In ground investigation the equivalence of ground features with geological maps are very essential for proper geological details and soil profile. The ground investigation team are primarily made up of geotechnical engineers, geologist and grillers who are accompanied by an archaeologist and ecologist during survey works.

Stones from the River Essay -- Stones from the River Germany Essays

Stones from the River 1. Synopsis of â€Å"Stones from the River† Trudi Montag was growing up during the World Wars in Burgdorf, Germany. She lived with her father, Leo, and helped him run their pay library. When she was young her mother, Gertrude, went insane, and died at the asylum. Trudi could remember how her mother used to run away, and after her father carried her home, he would lock her up in the attic, to try to prevent her from escaping again. She always did escape, and Trudi usually found her outside, hiding under the stairs. Trudi would spend time with her mother in the attic, or under the stairs. In the attic, the two would play with the paper dolls Leo gave his wife, and Gertrude would teach Trudi how to escape from the attic. Under the stairs, Gertrude told Trudi of her affair with her husband’s friend, Emil, and how she fell off his motorcycle one day, and skinned her knee. Her knee healed, but the stones could be felt beneath her skin if she let someone try to feel for them. That very same day Leo got shot in the kn ee in the First World War, and had to come home, and would forever walk with a limp. Gertrude blamed herself for her husband’s injury, just as Trudi blamed herself for her mother’s death. Trudi was born a dwarf, a Zwerg, in German. Trudi felt that if she were a normal baby/child, then her mother would have never tried to run away. Trudi thought that it was her fault her mother went insane, and had to go to an asylum, where her mother died. Although Trudi’s father told her it was not her fault her mom died, she blamed herself anyway. Trudi and her dad became close, and would spend their time playing, reading, walking, or working in the library together. At the end of the book, Trudi felt a great lose when her dad died the day after his birthday. Ever since his friend Emil died, and Mrs. Abramowitz was taken away for being a Jew in WW II, Leo grew weak, and seemed to give up his will to live. Trudi hated the fact that she was a dwarf, and began to hang from doorframes in attempt to stretch her body. She would also tie her mother’s scarves around her head to keep it from growing at night and pray everyday to grow. She asked the town doctor how to make her grow, and even drank some â€Å"magic potion† from a man who said it would make her grow. Trudi had no friends in school, and every child made fun o... ...can prison camps, the Americans kept their prisoners close to starvation, with only two bowls of soup per day.† He said, â€Å"that the Americans said it was only fair because the Jews got even less food in the KZs.† In short, American prisoners almost starved because the Jews did, so it was fair. Do you agree with this? Why? 7. Trudi and many others risked their lives hiding Jews in their houses. If you were confronted with this situation, what would you do? 8. Frau Simon saved a little Jewish girl from being stoned by a group of boys. If you witnessed the same thing, knowing that protecting Jews was against the law, would you have done the same as Frau Simon? Why? 4. Open ended questions continued 9. What are your feelings toward the Nazis? If you were confronted whether or not to turn in your family members, as Helmut was, would you? Why? 10. After WW II had ended, many Germans said, â€Å"It’s not good to dwell on the things that were terrible.† â€Å"Nobody wants to relive those years. We have to go forward.† If you were told this, would you agree or disagree? Would you want to talk of the War, or never hear of it again? Why?

Sky Team 2

Team, branded as SKYTEAM, is an  airline alliance  with its centralised management team, SkyTeam Central, based in the World Trade Center Schiphol Airport on the grounds of  Amsterdam Airport Schiphol  in  Haarlemmermeer,  Netherlands. [2][3]  SkyTeam was founded in 2000 by  Aeromexico,  Air France,  Delta Air Lines  and  Korean Air  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the last of the three airline alliances to be formed – but has grown to become second largest airline alliance in the world (in passenger number terms and members), behind  Star Alliance  and ahead of  Oneworld.The alliance currently consists of thirteen carriers from four continents, with the slogan  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Caring more about you†. SkyTeam also operates a cargo alliance called  SkyTeam Cargo. As of October 2010, the alliance and its members have a total workforce of 316,445. [4] In 2004, the alliance had the biggest expansion when  Continental Airlines,  KLM  and  Northwest Airlines  joi ned simultaneously as full members.In 2010, the alliance celebrated its 10th  anniversary with the introduction of a  SkyTeam livery, the joining of and upgrading of status 4 airlines, followed by the announcements of  Aerolineas Argentinas,  China Eastern Airlines,  China Airlines  and  Garuda Indonesia  to become full members. As of October 2010, SkyTeam and its future members flies to 898 in 169 countries. It operates over 12,500 flights with a combined fleet of 3,400 aircraft (including associate carriers). Furthermore, the alliance has 420 lounges worldwide to serve its 385  million  annual passengers.Besides its passenger-carrying business, SkyTeam also runs a separate cargo alliance –  SkyTeam Cargo  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ which partners eight  carriers  who are all SkyTeam members. Contents  [hide] * 1  Membership history * 1. 1  Formations and early years * 1. 2  Biggest expansion * 1. 3  2005–2006 * 1. 4  2007 expansion * 1. 5  200 8–2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives * 1. 6  10th anniversary * 2  Member airlines * 2. 1  Full members and their member & non-member affiliates * 2.   Former members * 2. 3  Future members * 2. 3. 1  Possible future members * 3  SkyTeam Cargo * 4  Benefits and services * 4. 1  Members' hubs * 4. 2  Co-locations * 4. 2. 1  Asia * 4. 2. 2  Europe * 4. 2. 3  North America * 4. 3  Premium status * 4. 3. 1  SkyTeam Elite * 4. 3. 2  SkyTeam Elite Plus * 5  SkyTeam special livery * 6  Footnotes * 7  External links| ————————————————- [edit]Membership history [edit]Formations and early yearsA  Delta Air Lines  Boeing 757-200(N717TW)  in the SkyTeam livery On 22 June 2000, representatives of the four founding carriers–Aeromexico,  Air France,  Delta Air Lines  and  Korean Air–held a meeting in New York to announce the founding of the third  airline alliance, named  SkyTeamâ„ ¢. [5]  Upon the formation, SkyTeam, would offer its customers a total of 6402 daily flights to 451 destinations, in 98 countries. In September 2000, the alliance established a cargo alliance,  SkyTeam Cargoâ„ ¢, as it focuses more on cargo operations.5]  The group's inaugural members are Aeromexpress, Air France Cargo, Delta Air Logistics and Korean Air Cargo. The following month, the newly-established airline alliance announced its intentions to grant  CSA Czech Airlines  membership. [5] The year 2001 saw the joining of  CSA Czech Airlines  on 25 March[5]  and  Alitalia  on 27 July. [6]  On 30 September, the alliance received KLM's application for membership,[7]  following the airline's plans to create a leading airline group with Air France. 7]  In 2003,  Delta's subsidiary  Delta Express  was replaced by  Song. That same year, SkyTeam also launched an i mproved website, focused on providing passengers with more information, increased interactivity, and other resources. [8] [edit]Biggest expansion A  Czech Airlines  ATR 42  (OK-JFL). The airline was the first recruit following the alliance's formation On 24 May 2004,  Aeroflot, the  flag carrier  and principal airline of Russia, signed a  Memorandum of Understanding  (MoU) with SkyTeam as it intends to become a full member.The event took place inKremlin, following the airline's application earlier in the year for membership. [9][10]  SkyTeam says that Aeroflot has not met the consortium's standards, but the airline's large hub networks makes it ideal for the alliance. [11] On 28 August,  China Southern Airlines, the largest carrier in the  People's Republic of China, signed a preliminary agreement in  Guangzhou, in its bid to become a full member. 12]  In the presence of a number of Chinese and airline officials, Yan Zhiqing, Chairman of China Southern, sai d, â€Å"This agreement-signing event is an important step forward into the future for China Southern Airlines to adapt itself to the need of further reforms and opening to the international community, as it will strengthen the airline's international cooperation and global competitiveness. † On 13 September,  Continental Airlines,  KLM  and  Northwest Airlines  joined the alliance. [13][14]  Their simultaneous entry was the largest expansion event in airline alliance history.As a result of the three new members, SkyTeam passed  Oneworld  to become the second largest alliance, serving more than 341  million  customers with 14,320 daily flights to 658 destinations in 130 countries. [13] [edit]2005–2006 Even though member CSA Czech Airlines pledged to help  Malev Hungarian Airlines  become an associate member of the alliance (as opposed to a full member, an associate has no voting rights), Malev Hungarian Airlines opted to join the  Oneworld   alliance, signing a Memorandum Of Understanding late in May.A few days later SkyTeam announced four new associate members due to join by 2006, each one being â€Å"sponsored† by an existing member:  Madrid-based  Air Europa  (sponsored by  Air France),  Panama-based  Copa Airlines  (sponsored and partly owned by  Continental Airlines),  Kenya Airways(sponsored and partly owned by  KLM) and  Romania's  TAROM  (sponsored by  Alitalia). Every associate adopted a  frequent flyer program  of a full member:  Copa Airlines  already used  Continental's  OnePass  while  Kenya Airways  and  Air Europaused  Air France-KLM's  Flying Blue.An Alitalia (the one which succeeds Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane) Boeing 767-300ER, registered as EI-DBP, is seen here in SkyTeam  livery. (2010) Aeroflot  joined on 14 April 2006 following a 24-month joining process since May 2004, the first Russian airline to be associated with an airline allianc e. [15][16]  Aeroflot has increased its operational standards, passing  International Air Transport Association's (IATA)  Operational Safety Audit  (IOSA). Delta's subsidiary  Song  continued to operate as  Delta Air Lines.In June, it was announced thatPortugalia  would become the alliance's next associate member candidate, however, in November, rival airline (and Star Alliance member)  TAP Portugal, purchased 99. 81% of the airline, bringing an end to its candidacy. [17] [edit]2007 expansion On 4 September 2007,  Air Europa,  Copa Airlines,  Kenya Airways  became members of SkyTeam's Associate program, which was launched to serve airlines in strategic regions who are intending to become affiliated with the alliance. 18][19]  China Southern Airlines  joined SkyTeam on 15 November to become the 11th full member and the first carrier from  Mainland China  to join SkyTeam. [20]Aeromexico's subsidiary  Aerolitoral  became  Aeromexico Connect. [edi t]2008–2009: Departure of airlines and new initiatives An  Air France  Boeing 777-300ER(F-GZNE)  in the special SkyTeam livery, which was unveiled in 2009 Continental Airlines  and  Copa Airlines  announced their intentions to move to the  Star Alliance  after Continental's final flight with SkyTeam on 24 October 2009. Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane  re-launched operations as the new  Alitalia.In 2009, the alliance announced initiatives towards a centralised management system, based in  Amsterdam. [21]  The consortium also named a new managing director and a timeline outlining the opening of its co-located facilities at  London Heathrow Airport. A new special livery was also unveiled. [21]  On 24 October,  Continental Airlines  and  Copa Airlines  simultaneously left SkyTeam,[22]  after which Continental Airlines would join  Star Alliance  on 27 October. [23]  At the time, it was rumoured that the switch is Continental's initial move in its plan of a United-Continental merge. [24] [edit]10th anniversaryTo start off 2010,  Northwest Airlines  and  Delta Air Lines's operating certificates were officially combined on 1 January, while on 9 March,  China Southern Airlines  announced its plans to join  SkyTeam Cargo. [25]  With membership expected to be granted in November, the airline will be the first Chinese carrier to join a global air cargo alliance. On 16 April,  China Eastern Airlines  announced its intentions to join the alliance, with the official joining ceremony expected to take place mid-2011. [26]  The announcement came after the airline's merge with  Shanghai Airlines, a member of SkyTeam's rival Star Alliance.On 10 June,  Vietnam Airlines  became a full member following a joining ceremony held in  Hanoi. [27]  The airline, therefore, became the first SkyTeam carrier from Southeast Asia, where  Star Alliance  has a strong presence through  Singapore Airlines. With an extra 20 unique destinations added to SkyTeam's route map, Vietnam Airlines helps strengthen the alliance's foothold in the region. [27] On 22 June, the  CEOs  and  Chairmen  of the 13 member airlines gathered in New York to celebrate the alliance's 10th  anniversary.During its first decade of operation, the world's second largest airline alliance more than tripled its membership, doubled it flights and nearly doubled the alliance's destinations. [28]  On the same day, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby upgrading  Air Europa  and  Kenya Airways  membership status from associate members to full members,[29][30]  and making TAROM a future full member of the alliance. During the ceremony, the Board outlined its plans to recruit members from  Latin America,  South America  and  India. [28]  Three days later, TAROM officially became a member of SkyTeam. 31]  As part of the celebration, SkyTeam offered reductions of roun d-the-world fares[32]  and other promotions. Following the 10thanniversary, SkyTeam intends to enhance customers' travel experience and deepen co-operation among its members to supplement the expansion into regions that are yet to have SkyTeam members. [33] â€Å"| In South America, India and Africa, it is clear there will be a significant battle for positioning to lure good carriers in your alliance. | †| —Leo van Wijk, Chairman during a 10th anniversary event of SkyTeam[34]| During the year, Delta Air Lines offered  US$1. 2 billion to  Japan Airlines  after the  Asian  airline filed for  bankruptcy  due to US$26 billion debt,[35]  at the same time lobbying  Oneworld's largest member in Asia to switch to SkyTeam. [36]  Delta, along with  American Airlines, wanted Japan Airlines to be in their respective alliances to benefit from the U. S. –Japan  Open Skies agreement. Eventually, Japan Airlines opted to remain at Oneworld, citing that the transfer to SkyTeam would confuse its passengers, and may not gain anti-trust immunity from U. S. regulators. [37] China Airlines will join SkyTeam as a full member in 2011.On 14 September, in space of 5 months, SkyTeam received its second application for full membership. China Airlines, the flag carrier and largest carrier of  Republic of China, announced that it has formally started the joining process. [38]  Upon joining, the airline's route network will supplement those of  China Southern Airlines  and  China Eastern Airlines, allowing cooperation among the three airlines, as well as strengthening SkyTeam's presence not only in both the  People's Republic of China  and the Republic of China, but throughout the Asia-Pacific region.The following month, October,  Aerolineas Argentinas  would sign an agreement to officially start the process of becoming the first  South American  SkyTeam member. The airline is set to join in 2012. [39][40][41] On 1 November ,  Shanghai Airlines  switched from  Star Alliance  to SkyTeam under its parent company, future SkyTeam member, China Eastern Airlines. [42]  This bolstered SkyTeam's presence in the People's Republic of China and surrounding areas, making the SkyTeam the number 1 alliance in the region. 43]  Garuda Indonesia, the flag carrier of Indonesia, formally started its joining process on 23 November, and is scheduled to be integrated by 2012. [44]  Upon joining, the airline will become the second Southeast Asian airline to join SkyTeam, therefore challenging  Star Alliance's dominance in the region through  Thai Airways International  and  Singapore Airlines. ————————————————- [edit]Member airlines [edit]Full members and their member & non-member affiliates Member airline| Country| Joined| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aeroflot|   Russia| 20 06|   Donavia Nordavia|   Rossiya|Aeromexico[A]|   Mexico| 2000|   Aeromexico Connect Aeromexico Travel| —| Air Europa|   Spain| 2007| —| —| Air France[A][B]|   France| 2000|   Brit Air CityJet Regional|   transavia. com France  (60%)| Alitalia|   Italy| 2008|   Alitalia Express Air One CityLiner|   Air One Smart Carrier| China Southern Airlines|   China| 2007| —|   Chongqing Airlines   Xiamen Airlines| Czech Airlines|   Czech Republic| 2001| —| —| Delta Air Lines[A]|   United States| 2000|   Delta Connection   Delta Shuttle|   Delta AirElite| Kenya Airways|   Kenya| 2007| —| —| KLM[B]|   Netherlands| 2004|   KLM Cityhopper|   Martinair   transavia. com transavia. com France  (40%) transavia. om Denmark  (until April 2011)| Korean Air[A]|   South Korea| 2000| —|   Jin Air| TAROM|   Romania| 2010| —| —| Vietnam Airlines|   Vietnam| 2010| —|   Cambodia Angkor Air   Vietnam Air Service Company (VASCO)| A  Founding member[45] B  Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines are part of the airline holding company  Air France-KLM[46] [edit]Former members Former member airline| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliates| Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane[A]|   Italy| 2001| 2008|   Alitalia Express   Volare Airlines| Continental Airlines[B]|   United States| 2004| 2009| Continental Connection  operated by: >  Ã‚  Cape Air >  Ã‚  Colgan Air >  Ã‚  CommutAir   Ã‚  Gulfstream International Airlines Continental Express  operated by: >  Ã‚  Chautauqua Airlines >  Ã‚  ExpressJet Airlines Continental Micronesia| Northwest Airlines[C]|   United States| 2004| 2009|   Northwest Airlink| A  Alitalia  re-launched operations in  2008 B  Left the alliance to join  Star Alliance  with  United Airlines C  Northwest Airlines' operating certificate was combined with Delta Air Lines'. Northwest Airl ines ceased operating as a separate carrier and all of its flights now operate under the Delta Air Lines name Former member affiliate| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliate of| Aerolitoral[A]|   Mexico| 2000| 2007|   Aeromexico|Delta Express[B]|   United States| 2000| 2003|   Delta Air Lines| Song Airlines[C]|   United States| 2003| 2006|   Delta Air Lines| VLM Airlines[D]|   Belgium| 2000| 2009|   Air France| A  A founding affiliate member and relaunched as  Aeromexico Connect. B  A founding affiliate member. Replaced by Song Airlines. C  Song's operations became part of  Delta's fleet. D  A founding affiliate member and merged with  CityJet. Former associate member| Country| Joined| Exited| Member affiliates| Copa Airlines[A]|   Panama| 2007| 2009| AeroRepublica| A  Left the alliance on October 24, 2009 and will join  Star Alliance  in mid-2012. edit]Future members China Eastern Airlines  will become a full member in mid-2011. Aerolineas Argentinas  will join SkyTeam as a full member in early 2012. Garuda Indonesia  is set to join SkyTeam in 2012 Future member airline| Country| Joining| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aerolineas Argentinas[47]|   Argentina| 2012|   Austral Lineas Aereas| —| China Airlines[38]|   Taiwan| Mid-2011|   Mandarin Airlines| —| China Eastern Airlines[48]|   China| Mid-2011|   Shanghai Airlines| —| Garuda Indonesia[44][49][50]|   Indonesia| Early-2012| —|   Citilink| [edit]Possible future membersAirline| Country| Member affiliates| Non-member affiliates| Aer Lingus[51]|   Ireland|   Aer Lingus Regional| —| Air Algerie[52]|   Algeria| —| —| Gulf Air[53]|   Bahrain| —| —| Jet Airways[54][55]|   India| —|   Jet Konnect JetLite| Malaysia Airlines[56]|   Malaysia|   MASwings|   Firefly| Middle East Airlines|   Lebanon| —| —| Saudi Arabian Airlines[57]|   Saudi A rabia| —| —| ————————————————- [edit]SkyTeam Cargo Main article:  SkyTeam Cargo SkyTeam Cargo is is a cargo division of SkyTeam. SkyTeam Cargo is the bigger f the world's two cargo alliances, ahead of its rival  WOW Alliance. The cargo alliance partners eight members from the passenger alliance –  Aeromexpress,  Air France Cargo,  Alitalia Cargo,  China Southern Cargo,  CSA Cargo,  Delta Air Logistics,  KLM Cargo  and  Korean Air Cargo. ————————————————- [edit]Benefits and services [edit]Members' hubs Rome  Da Vinci Airport  Terminal 1 Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 2 Mexico City International Airport Terminal 2 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Terminal 1 Member Airline| Count ry| Hub Airport(s)|Aeroflot|   Russia| Sheremetyevo International Airport  (Moscow)| Aerolineas Argentinas  (future member)|   Argentina Argentina| Aeroparque Jorge Newbery  (Buenos Aires) Ministro Pistarini International Airport  (Buenos Aires)| Aeromexico|   Mexico| Mexico City International Airport| Air Europa|   Spain| Madrid Barajas Airport| Air France|   France| Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport| Alitalia|   Italy| Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport  (Rome)| China Airlines  (future member)|   Taiwan| Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport  (Taipei)| China Eastern Airlines  (future member)|   China China| Shanghai Hongqiao International AirportShanghai Pudong International Airport| China Southern Airlines|   China China| Beijing Capital International Airport Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport| Czech Airlines|   Czech Republic| Prague – Ruzyne Airport| Delta Air Lines|   Netherlands USA USA USA USA USA USA France USA Japan| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Memphis International Airport Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport  (New York) Paris-Charles de Gaulle AirportSalt Lake City International Airport Narita International Airport  (Tokyo)| Garuda Indonesia  (future member)|   Indonesia Indonesia| Ngurah Rai International Airport  (Denpasar) Soekarno–Hatta International Airport  (Jakarta)| Kenya Airways|   Kenya| Jomo Kenyatta International Airport  (Nairobi)| KLM|   Netherlands| Amsterdam Airport Schiphol| Korean Air|   South Korea South Korea| Gimpo International Airport  (Seoul) Incheon International Airport  (Seoul)| TAROM|   Romania| Henri Coanda International Airport  (Bucharest)| Vietnam Airlines|   Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam| Noi Bai International Airport  (Hanoi)Long Thanh Internatio nal Airport  (Ho Chi Minh City, future airport) Tan Son Nhat International Airport  (Ho Chi Minh City)| [edit]Co-locations [edit]Asia Airport| Terminal| Beijing Capital International Airport| Terminal 2| Narita International Airport  (Tokyo)| Terminal 1 North Wing, except  China Southern Airlines and  Vietnam Airlines  (Terminal 2)| Incheon International Airport  (Seoul)| Concourse A except,  Korean Air  (East Side of Main Terminal)| [edit]Europe Airport| Terminal| Henri Coanda International Airport  (Bucharest)| Terminal 1|   Frankfurt Airport| Terminal 2| London Heathrow Airport| Terminal 4|Madrid Barajas Airport| Terminal 1 (International) Terminal 2 (European and domestic), except  Czech Airlines  and  TAROM(Terminal 4)|   Sheremetyevo International Airport  (Moscow)| Terminals D and E, except  Vietnam Airlines  (Domodedovo International Airport)|   Charles de Gaulle Airport  (Paris)| Terminals 2E and 2F2 (International) Terminals 2D and 2 F1 (European) 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F and 2G (Air France)| Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport  (Rome)| Terminal 1|   Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport| Terminal 1, except  Aeroflot,  Tarom, and  Alitalia  (Terminal 2)| [edit]North America Chicago O'Hare International Airport Terminal 5Airport| Terminal| Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport| Concourses T, A, B, and D (Domestic) Concourse E (International)|   O'Hare International Airport  (Chicago)| Terminal 5, except Delta (Terminal 2)|   Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport| Terminal 3|   Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport| Terminal D (KLM & Korean Air) Terminal E (Delta)| Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport| McNamara Terminal|   Mexico City International Airport| Terminal 2, except  Air France  and  KLM  (Terminal 1)|   Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport| Terminal 1 (future o-location)|   General Mariano Escobedo International Airport(Monterrey)| Terminal B|   John F. Kennedy International Airport  (New York)| Terminals 1 and 4 (International) Terminals 2 and 3 (Domestic)| San Francisco International Airport| Terminal A (International) Terminals 1 B and C (Domestic)| Los Angeles International Airport| Terminals 2, 6, and TBIT (International) Terminal 5 (Domestic)| Seattle–Tacoma International Airport| South Satellite Terminal|   Toronto Pearson International Airport| Terminal 3, except  Alitalia  (Terminal 1)| [edit]Premium statusSkyTeam has two premium levels—Elite  and  Elite Plus—based on a customer's tier status in a member carrier's  frequent-flyer program. Each of the member and associate airlines recognises the elite statuses, with a few exceptions. The statuses have no specific requirements of their own; membership is based solely on the frequent-flyer programs of individual member airlines. Airline and Frequent Flyer Programme| SkyTeam Elite Status| SkyTeam Elite Plus Status| Aeroflot| Aerof lot Bonus[58]| Silver| Gold| Aeromexico| Club Premier[59]| Gold| Platinum| Air EuropaAir France Kenya Airways KLM TAROM| Flying Blue[60]| Silver Gold*| Gold**Platinum| Alitalia| MilleMiglia[61]| Silver Ulisse| Freccia Alata Freccia Alata Plus| China Southern Airlines| Sky Pearl Club[62]| Silver| Gold Platinum| Czech Airlines| OK Plus[63]| Silver| Gold Platinum| Delta Air Lines| SkyMiles[64]| Silver Medallion Gold Medallion| Platinum Medallion Diamond Medallion| Korean Air| SKYPASS[65]| Morning Calm| Premium Million Miler| Vietnam Airlines| Golden Lotus Plus[66]| TitaniumSilver| Platinum| *Gold: US / Mexico residents **Gold: non-US / Mexico residents edit]SkyTeam  Elite SkyTeam Elite status is awarded to customers who have reached the premium level of a member carrier's frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite membership: * Priority reservations waitlisting * Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority check-in * Preferred seating [edit]SkyTeam  Elite Plus Sk yTeam Elite Plus status is awarded to customers who have reached the higher premium level of a member carrier's frequent flyer program. Benefits of SkyTeam Elite Plus membership: * Priority reservations waitlisting Priority airport standby * Priority boarding * Priority airport check-in * Preferred seating * Priority baggage handling * Additional checked luggage allowance * Airport lounge access * Guaranteed reservations on sold-out flights * Express airport security (in some hub airports) ————————————————- [edit]SkyTeam special livery SkyTeam launched in 2009 a special livery celebrating its 10-year anniversary. The livery consisted of an all-metallic silver  fuselage  and a dark blue  empennage  with SkyTeam's logo on it.On the fuselage however, the alliance emblem is painted on both sides. As of November 2010, 13 aircraft wear the SkyTeam livery. OK-JFL, an  A TR 42  of  Czech Airlines  in special livery. (2009) Aircraft in SkyTeam livery[67]| Airline| Country| Aircraft| Registration| Completed| Aeroflot|   Russia| Airbus A330-300| VQ-BCQ| October 2009| Aerolineas Argentinas|   Argentina| TBA| Pending| Future| Aeromexico Aeromexico Connect*|   Mexico| Boeing 767-200ER Embraer ERJ-145| XA-JBC XA-CLI| May 2009 November 2010| Air Europa|   Spain| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future|Air France|   France| Boeing 777-300ER| F-GZNE| June 2009| Alitalia|   Italy| Boeing 767-300ER| EI-DBP| May 2009| China Airlines|   Republic of China| TBA| Pending| Future| China Eastern Airlines|   People's Republic of China| TBA| Pending| Future| China Southern Airlines|   People's Republic of China| Boeing 777-200ER| B-2056| June 2009| Czech Airlines|   Czech Republic| ATR 42-500| OK-JFL| May 2009| Delta Air Lines|   USA| Boeing 767-400ER Boeing 757-200| N844MH N717TW| April 2009 September 2009| Garuda Indonesia|   Indonesia| TBA| Pend ing| Future| Kenya Airways|   Kenya| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future| KLM|   Netherlands| Boeing 777-300ERBoeing 737-900| PH-BVD PH-BXO| August 2009 June 2010| Korean Air|   South Korea| Boeing 777-200ER| HL7733| October 2009| TAROM|   Romania| Boeing 737-800| Pending| Future| Vietnam Airlines|   Vietnam| Airbus A330-200| VN-A371| June 2010| * Aeromexico's subsidiary now has a SkyTeam livery, making Aeromexico the only member of the alliance with a SkyTeam livery for its affiliate. ————————————————- [edit]Footnotes References 1. ^  Our SkyTeam Carriers 2. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Marks Major Milestones Toward A Centralized Organization†. SkyTeam. com. 25 July 2009. 3.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Welcome to WTC. † World Trade Center Schiphol. Retrieved on 10 February 2010. 4. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Facts ;amp; Figures†. SkyTeam. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 5. ^  a  b   c  d  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A History Of SkyTeam†. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 6. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Delta, Alitalia partnership secure†. Atlanta Business Chronicle. 25/8/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 7. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (20/9/01). â€Å"SkyTeam Welcomes KLM Application for Membership†. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 8. ^  SkyTeam (11/6/03). â€Å"SkyTeam Launches Enhanced Web Site to Improve the Passenger Experience†. Press release.Retrieved 1 October 2010. 9. ^  SkyTeam (24/5/04). â€Å"SkyTeam Signs MOU With Aeroflot; Agreement preliminary step in new member joining process†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 10. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot plans to join SkyTeam alliance†. Atlanta Business Chronicles. 24/5/04. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 11. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot eyes Sky Team membership†. BBC News. 29/1/04. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 12. ^  SkyTeam (28/8/04). â€Å"SkyTeam Signs Agreement With China Southern Airlines; Agreement preliminary step in new member joining process†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 13. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (13/9/04). Continental, KLM And Northwest Join The SkyTeam Alliance; Solidifies Position as a Leading Global Alliance†. Press release. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 14. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"NWA, KLM & Continental join Skyteam Alliance†. mb. com. ph. 20/9/04. Retrieved 30 September 2010. 15. ^  SkyTeam (14/4/06). [http://www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20060414. html  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot Joins the SkyTeam Alliance Tenth Member Strengthens Position as a Leading Global Alliance and Extends Route Network Into High Growth Markets†]. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 16. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aeroflot sheds Soviet image to join ‘SkyTeam'†. Forbes. 14/4/06/.Retrieved 4 October 2010. 17. ^  SkyTeam Focused on Alliance Development as Portugalia Airlines Becomes Associate Airline Candidate; China Southern Mak es Progress Toward Membership Governing Board provides recruitment, network and services updates  fromwww. skyteam. com  2 June 2006 18. ^  SkyTeam (4/9/07). [http://www. skyteam. com/news/headlines/20070903. html  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Strengthens Global Network with Addition of Three Associate Airlines Air Europa, Copa Airlines and Kenya Airways Officially Join SkyTeam Associate Program†]. Press release. Retrieved 2 October 2010. 19. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kenya Airways And Two Others Join Sky Team†.AllAfrica. com. 6/9/07. 20. ^  SkyTeam. com (15 November 2007). â€Å"SkyTeam Welcomes China Southern Airlines as First Chinese Carrier†. Press release. 21. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (1/4/09). â€Å"SkyTeam names Managing Director, Introduces Aircraft Livery†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 22. ^  Hensel, Bill (29/1/09). â€Å"Continental to leave SkyTeam alliance in October†. Chron. com. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 23. ^  Continental Airlines To Leave SkyTeam For Star Alliance  (Official Press Release: June 19, 2008) 24. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Continental plans United tie-up; will leave SkyTeam for Star Alliance†. Timesonline. co. uk. 20/6/08.Retrieved 17 November 2010. 25. ^  SkyTeam (9/3/10). â€Å"China Southern Airlines to Join Skyteam Cargo in 2010†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 26. ^  SkyTeam (16/4/10). â€Å"China Eastern to join SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 27. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (10/6/10). â€Å"Vietnam Airlines Joins SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 28. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (22/6/10). â€Å"SKYTEAM CELEBRATES TENTH ANNIVERSARY†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 29. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam triples membership in first decade, upgrades three airlines, signs pilot JV†. Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 0. ^  Cameron, Doug (22/6/10). â€Å"SkyTeam Makes Kenya Airways, Air Europa Full Alliance Members†. Retrieved 23 June 2010. [dead link] 31. ^  SkyTeam. com 32. ^  SkyTeam (8/7/10). â€Å"SkyTeam Offers Lower Fares with Round the World Promotion†. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 33. ^  Skyteam. â€Å"SKYTEAM NEWSFLASH AUGUST 2010†. Press release. Retrieved 23 October 2010. 34. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam looking for new partners in Latin America, Asia and Africa†. eTurboNews. 23/6/10. Retrieved 23 June 2010. 35. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Delta says SkyTeam could invest more in JAL – WSJ†. Thomson Reuters  (Forbes. com). 20/11/09. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 6. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Japan Airlines Opts To Remain In Oneworld Alliance†. AviationNews. 16/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 37. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"JAL to stay with American Airlines: Reports†. The Economic Times. 8/2/10. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 38. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (14/9/10). â€Å"China Airlines Joins SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 1 October 2010. 39. ^  SkyTeam (19/ 10/10). â€Å"SkyTeam to Welcome Aerolineas Argentinas as Future Member†. Press release. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 40. ^  Aaron, Karp (20/10/10). â€Å"Aerolineas Argentinas to become first SkyTeam member in South America†. ATW Air Transport World. Retrieved 20 October 2010. 41.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aerolineas Argentinas joins SkyTeam†. eTravel Blackboard. /21/10/10. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 42. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Shanghai Airlines to join SkyTeam alliance†. TradingMarkets. com. 2/11/10. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 43. ^  Skyteam (1/11/10). â€Å"Shanghai Airlines To Become Part of SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 44. ^  a  b  SkyTeam (23/11/10). â€Å"Garuda Indonesia Joins SkyTeam†. Press release. Retrieved 24 November 2010. 45. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SkyTeam Milestones†Ã‚  (PDF). SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 46. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Our SkyTeam Carriers†. SkyTeam. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 47. ^  Mutzabaugh, Ben (19/10/10). â €Å"SkyTeam to add Aerolineas Argentinas†.USA Today. Retrieved 19 October 2010. 48. ^  China Eastern to join SkyTeam, SkyTeam press release, 16 April 2010 49. ^  Govindasamy, Siva (19/11/10). â€Å"Garuda to ink SkyTeam agreement next week†. Flight Global. 50. ^  Rangga D. Fadillah (19/11/10). â€Å"Garuda Indonesia to join SkyTeam†. Jakarta, Indonesia: The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 November 2010. 51. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"[1]† â€Å"Aer Lingus Back in the Game,† from Aviation Week,† 15 September 2010 52. ^  Le Figaro– Air Algerie to join SkyTeam 53. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"BA-IBERIA ‘EYEING GULF AIR TAKEOVER'†. Gulf-daily-news. com. 7/9/10. Retrieved 30 October 2010. 54. ^  Mathews, Neelam (27/10/10). Jet Airways Mulls Joining SkyTeam†. Avationweek. com. Retrieved 29 October 2010. 55. ^  Dunn, Graham (5/11/10). â€Å"SkyTeam members could top 20 by 2012: chairman†. Flight Global. Retrieved 6 November 2010. 56. ^  Poss ible new members  from  atwonline. com, 3 April 2009 57. ^  Saudia to join global alliance  fromwww. arabnews. com  4 November 2010 58. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About Aeroflot Bonus†. Aeroflot. 59. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Club Premier†. Aeromexico. 60. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Flying Blue at a glance†. Air France. 61. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Millemiglia†. Alitalia. 62. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About Sky Pearl Club†. China Southern Airlines. 63. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"OK Plus†. Czech Airlines. 64. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"About SkyMiles†. Delta Air Lines. 5. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SKYPASS†. Korean Air. 66. ^  Vietnam Airlines – Membership Tiers 67. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"SKYTEAM Livery fact Sheet†. SkyTeam. Bibliography * â€Å"A History Of SkyTeam†. breakingtravelnews. com. 27/7/01. Retrieved 30 September 2010. ————————————————- [edit]External links | Wikimedia Commons has media related to:  SkyTeam | | Wikiquote  has a collection of quotations related to:  Skyteam| | Netherlands portal| | Aviation portal| * Official SkyTeam website * SkyTeam Cargo [show]v  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  d  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚  eCommercial air travel| | An  airline alliance  is an agreement between two or more  airlines  to cooperate on a substantial level.The three largest passenger alliances are the  Star Alliance,  SkyTeam  and  Oneworld. Alliances also form between  cargo airlines, such as that ofWOW Alliance,  SkyTeam Cargo  and  ANA/UPS Alliance. Alliances provide a network of connectivity and convenience for international passengers and international packages. Alliances also provide convenient marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline  codeshare  connections within countries. This branding goes as far as to even include unified  aircraft liveries  among member airlines. Contents  [hide] * 1  Rationale * 2  Issues * 3  History * 4  Alliances * 4.   Notes * 5  References| ————————————————- [edit]Rationale Benefits can consist of: * An extended and optimised network: this is often realised through  code sharing  agreements. Many alliances started as only a code sharing network. * Cost reduction from sharing of: * Sales offices * Maintenance facilities * Operational facilities, e. g. catering or computer systems. * Operational staff, e. g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks. * Investments and purchases, e. g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts. * Traveler benefits can include: Lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route. * More departure times to choose from on a given route. * More destinations within easy reach. * Shorter travel times as a result of optimised transfers. * A wider range of  airport lounges  shared with alliance members * Faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers. * Round-the-world tickets, enabling travelers to fly over the world for a relatively low price. Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveler, such as: * Higher prices when all competition is erased on a certain route. Less frequent flights: for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5(3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e. g. , flights between Detroit (a Delta Air Lines  fortress hub) and Amsterdam (a KLM fortress hub). ————————————————- [edit]Issues The ability of an airline to join an alliance is often restricted by laws and regulations or subject to approval by authorities. Antitrust  laws play a large role.Land ing rights may not be owned by the airlines themselves but by the nation in which their head office resides. If an airline loses its national identity by merging to a large extent with a foreign company, existing agreements may be declared void by a country which objects to the merger. In 2010 Swiss lost overflight rights after being bought by Lufthansa  [1]. ————————————————- [edit]History The first airline alliance started in the 1930s, when  Pan American-Grace Airways  and parent company  Pan American World Airways  agreed to exchange routes to  Latin America.The first large alliance started in 1989, when Northwest and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines agreed to code sharing on a large scale. A huge step was taken in 1992 when The Netherlands signed the first  open skies  agreement with the United States, in spite of objections from the  European Union  autho rities. This gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on each others' soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment takes negotiating, often between governments rather than between the companies involved.

Victorain Realism vs Romanticism

This was reflected in the writing, which was more formal but eventually the writing began to develop an emotional strain. This led to writers focusing on pains of death and lost love, and towards the era of Romanticism http://www. Martinets. Was/timeless/enlightenment_age. HTML Throughout the sass and half of the sass, Europe was ravaged by religious wars. (lead to ration over tradition) http://www. Weeklies. Org/what-is-the-difference- between-romanticism-and-realism. HTML Romanticism and Realism are two opposing art style, where one focuses on idealism and the other on maintaining what is true.Romanticism glorified things, imagining characters with the ability to shape the destiny of an entire nation. Realist literature defined real life experiences of other people, and would highlight injustices in hope of bringing social change. Http:// Perez. Com/calculatedly/romanticism-vs.-realism/ Realist techniques involve a setting that relates to the author, and by a plot that uses ordinar y events. Protagonists and other characters are normal, but are defined by personal conflict, whether physical, mental, or emotional. Author places injustices of the time in plain view, and allows reader to form their own opinion.Realism would sometimes attack romantic ideas in their own work, in realist novels, characters make (and are defined by) their own choices, rather than Just reacting to choices that have already been made. Romanticism usually has circumstances considered out of the ordinary, plot development over character development, traumatized story. Http:// indefinites. Bloodspot. Ca/2013/05/romanticism-vs.-realism. HTML The second half of the century (after romanticism) was filled with many civil wars, and the industrial revolution which destroyed the middle class, effectively destroying the economy of Victorian London. Http://www. Essay. Du/dept/English/dismiss/room. Lit. Char. PDF Characteristics of romantic literature; 1 . ) Imagination and emotion more important t han reason and formal rules

Ethnoarchaeology - Cultural Anthropology Archaeology

Ethnoarchaeology - Cultural Anthropology Archaeology Ethnoarchaeology is a research technique that involves using information from living cultures- in the form of ethnology, ethnography, ethnohistory, and experimental archaeology- to understand patterns found at an archaeological site. An ethnoarchaeologist acquires evidence about ongoing activities in any society  and uses those studies to draw analogies from modern behavior to explain and better understand patterns seen in archaeological sites. Key Takeaways: Ethnoarchaeology Ethnoarchaeology is a research technique in archaeology that uses present-day ethnographic information to inform remains of sites.  Applied first in the late 19th century and at its height in the 1980s and 1990s, the practice has decreased in the 21st century.The problem is what its always been: the application of oranges (living cultures) to apples (ancient past).  Benefits include the amassing of huge quantities of information about production techniques and methodologies. American archaeologist Susan Kent defined ethnoarchaeologys purpose as to formulate and test archaeologically oriented and/or derived methods, hypotheses, models and theories with ethnographic data. But it is archaeologist Lewis Binford who wrote most clearly: ethnoarchaeology is a Rosetta stone: a way of translating the static material found on an archaeological site into the vibrant life of a group of people who in fact left them there. Practical Ethnoarchaeology Ethnoarchaeology is typically conducted by using the cultural anthropological methods of participant observation, but it also finds behavioral data in ethnohistorical and ethnographic reports as well as oral history. The basic requirement is to draw on strong evidence of any kind for describing artifacts and their interactions with people in activities. Ethnoarchaeological data can be found in published or unpublished written accounts (archives, field notes, etc.); photographs; oral history; public or private collections of artifacts; and of course, from observations deliberately made for archaeological purposes on a living society. American archaeologist Patty Jo Watson argued that ethnoarchaeology should also include experimental archaeology. In experimental archaeology, the archaeologist creates the situation to be observed rather than taking it where he or she finds it: observations are still made of archaeological relevant variables within a living context. Edging Towards a Richer Archaeology The possibilities of ethnoarchaeology brought in a flood of ideas about what archaeologists could say about the behaviors represented in the archaeological record: and a corresponding earthquake of reality about the ability of archaeologists to recognize all or even any of the social behaviors that went on in an ancient culture. Those behaviors must be reflected in the material culture (I made this pot this way because my mother made it this way; I traveled fifty miles to get this plant because thats where weve always gone). But that underlying reality may only be identifiable from the pollen and potsherds if the techniques allow their capture, and careful interpretations appropriately fit the situation. Archaeologist Nicholas David described the sticky issue pretty clearly: ethnoarchaeology is an attempt to cross the divide between the ideational order (the unobservable ideas, values, norms, and representation of the human mind) and the phenomenal order (artifacts, things affected by human action and differentiated by matter, form, and context). Processual and Post-Processual Debates The ethnoarchaeological study reinvented the study of archaeology, as the science edged into the post-World War II scientific age. Instead of simply finding better and better ways to measure and source and examine artifacts (a.k.a. processual archaeology), archaeologists felt they could now make hypotheses about the kinds of behaviors those artifacts represented (post-processual archaeology). That debate polarized the profession for much of the 1970s and 1980s: and while the debates have ended, it became clear that the match is not perfect. For one thing, archaeology as a study is diachronic- a single archaeological site always includes evidence of all the cultural events and behaviors that might have taken place at that location for hundreds or thousands of years, not to mention the natural things that happened to it over that time. In contrast, ethnography is synchronic- what is being studied is what happens during the course of the research. And theres always this underlying uncertainty: can the patterns of behavior that are seen in modern (or historical) cultures really be generalized to ancient archaeological cultures, and how much? History of Ethnoarchaeology Ethnographic data was used by some late 19th century/early 20th century archaeologists to understand archaeological sites (Edgar Lee Hewett leaps to mind), but the modern study has its roots in the post-war boom of the 1950s and 60s. Beginning in the 1970s, a huge burgeoning of literature explored the potentialities of the practice (the processual/post-processual debate driving much of that). There is some evidence, based on the decrease in the number of university classes and programs, that ethnoarchaeology, although an accepted, and perhaps standard practice for most archaeological studies in the late 20th century, is fading in importance in the 21st. Modern Critiques Since its first practices, ethnoarchaeology has often come under criticism for several issues, primarily for its underpinning assumptions about how far the practices of a living society can reflect the ancient past. More recently, scholars as archaeologists Olivier Gosselain and Jerimy Cunningham have argued that western scholars are blinded by assumptions about living cultures. In particular, Gosselain argues that ethnoarchaeology doesnt apply to prehistory because it isnt practiced as ethnologyin other words, to properly apply cultural templates derived from living people you cant simply pick up technical data. But Gosselain also argues that doing a full ethnological study would not be useful expenditure of time, since equating present-day societies are never going to be sufficiently applicable to the past. He also adds that although ethnoarchaeology may no longer be a reasonable way to conduct research, the main benefits of the study has been to amass a huge amount of data on production techniques and methodologies, which can be used as a reference collection for scholarship. Selected Sources Cunningham, Jerimy J., and Kevin M. McGeough. The Perils of Ethnographic Analogy. Parallel Logics in Ethnoarchaeology and Victorian Bible Customs Books. Archaeological Dialogues 25.2 (2018): 161–89. Print.Gonzlez-Urquijo, J., S. Beyries, and J. J. Ibà ±ez. Ethnoarchaeology and Functional Analysis. Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology. Eds. Marreiros, Joo Manuel, Juan F. Gibaja Bao and Nuno Ferreira Bicho. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique: Springer International Publishing, 2015. 27–40. Print.Gosselain, Olivier P. To Hell with Ethnoarchaeology! Archaeological Dialogues 23.2 (2016): 215–28. Print.Kamp, Kathryn, and John Whittaker. Editorial Reflections: Teaching Science with Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology. Ethnoarchaeology 6.2 (2014): 79–80. Print.Parker, Bradley J. Bread Ovens, Social Networks and Gendered Space: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Tandir Ovens in Southeastern Anatolia. American Antiquity 76.4 (2011 ): 603–27. Print.Politis, Gustavo. Reflections on Contemporary Ethnoarchaeology. Pyrenae 46 (2015). Print. Schiffer, Michael Brian. Contributions of Ethnoarchaeology. The Archaeology of Science. Vol. 9. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique: Springer International Publishing, 2013. 53–63. Print.

Bylaws essays

Bylaws essays Constitution and By-Laws For The Blackfeet Tribe Of The Blackfeet Indian Reservation Of Montana We, the adult members of the Blackfeet Indian Tribe, pursuant to the authority vested in us by Section 16 of the Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Statutes at large, page 986), and amendments thereto, do hereby organize for the common welfare of said tribe and the members thereof, and for such purpose do adopt the following constitution for the government, protection, and common welfare of the said tribe and members thereof. We the people of the Cherokee Nation, in order to preserve and enrich our tribalculture, achieve and maintain a desirable measure of prosperity, insure tranquility and to secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of freedom, acknowledging, with humility and gratitude, the goodness of the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe in permitting us so to do, and imploring his aid and guidance in its accomplishmentdo ordain and establish this Constitution for the government of the Cherokee Nation. The term "Nation" as used in this Constitution is the same as "Tribe." Approved for Referendum by the Commissioner, Morris Thompson, on September 5, 1975, Seconded by the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Ross O. Swimmer, on October 2, 1975, approved by Referendum on June 26, 1976. The Cherokee Nation is an inseparable part of the Federal Union. The Constitution of the United States is the Supreme law of the land; therefore, the Cherokee Nation shall never enact any law which is in conflict with any Federal law. Approved for Referendum by the Commissioner, Morris Thompson, on September 5, 1975, Seconded by the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, Ross O. Swimmer, on October 2, 1975, approved by Referendum on June 26, 1976. Seat of government, Article XVII of the Cherokee Constitution. Rorex v. Cherokee Nation JAT 93-5 (1995) THE CHEYENNE-ARAPAHO TRIBES OF OKLAHOMA We, the Indians of the Cheyenne-Arapaho ...

Analysis of Computerisation at Pizza Hut Essay Sample

In the economic sciences of industrial society. the intent of the cybernation of the workplace is to replace labour with machines. thereby cut downing the unit cost of production while increasing both productiveness and efficiency. Alternatively of engaging 20 workers to carry through one undertaking. an employer can merely purchase one machine to make the same undertaking faster and more expeditiously ; less resources are invested while much more end product is generated. In general theory. the debut of engineering into the workplace spurs economic growing and prosperity. ensuing in the creative activity of more and better occupations. higher rewards and an increased criterion of life. However. when looking at specific informations and analysis. it becomes evident that each degree of worker is clearly affected by the cybernation of the workplace. Pizza Hut Pizza Hut is one of the flagship trade names of Yum! Restaurant Int. which besides has subordinate concerns and celebrated trade names like KFC. Taco Bell. A A ; W and Long John Silver’s under one trade name umbrella. It is the world’s largest pizza concatenation more than 13. 000 eating houses across 97 states. Pizza Hut increases his operations in last five old ages. In India. Pizza Hut has 143 eating houses across 34 metropoliss. including Delhi. Mumbai. Banglore. Chennai. Kolkata. Pune and Hyderabad. Great gustatory sensation and quality. assortment of pizzas and hallmark dining experience have made it possible for the company to for double-digit growing and scale up its presence to its current size. With a 27 per cent market portion of the eating-out market and over 70. 000 footsteps per twenty-four hours across the state Pizza Hut started its concern from India in 1996. and opened its first eating house in Bangalore. Pizza Hut maintained important growing and acquires a maximal portion of pizza market and sustained growing rate of above 40 per cent per annum. Pizza Hut operates through 95 mercantile establishments across 24 metropoliss in India which gave employment about 5000 people by the terminal of 2009. When come ining the delivery-segment of the pizza industry. Pizza Hut opted to utilize a computerized Customer Answering Service that would field all the calls from a peculiar country and so electronically send orders to the closest delivery-only units. Frankincense clients would merely hold to name one figure and non hold to speak to single bringing unit directors. Pizza Hut believed that this system would cut down the costs needed for keeping separate workers who would reply the phone at each unit. However. this system had several jobs in its initial installing such as orders being assorted up and other inefficiencies. As a consequence. Pizza Hut’s repute was damaged as consumers lost forbearance and religion in the company ; this allowed Domino’s. Pizza Hut’s chief rival to increase its market portion.

African American Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

African American Culture - Research Paper Example To start with, the power of the Afro-American culture lies in the fact that it has been highly significant in the way of resisting the racial oppression (this is not only a factor) in the American society and have been generating highly innovative dynamics and platform which comes from the oral tradition from which all other cultural forms have evolved. It has been found that the Afro-American oral tradition have remained as an immensely innovative and learning process for the K-12 students in the American schools. Thus with a glimpse of its significance here it requires more elaboration with a discussion of its origin, its segregated forms, its development and its implications in the society in an elucidated fashion (Hamlet, 2011, p.27). Robust nature of the oral tradition The tradition attached with that of the oral communication generally comprises of the old sayings, proverbs and various other cultural products which have been not archived or recorded. The tradition or the enigma of the oral traditions is kept intact through the help of communication through the mouth to mouth communication from one generation to other generation. The diverse forms of African American cultures and their archetypes teach the lessons about the way of living and that of life. The oral tradition can be said to be one of the fundamental mechanism for the cultural expression as well as that of survival. The oral tradition also is predominant in the maintenance of the cultural heritage and that of reflection of the collective spirit of the race.

My story of growth and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

My story of growth and development - Essay Example I have memories of the best years of my life in school. It was my home away from home. Some of my classmates were my best buddies and I could relate to them in spite of some embarrassing situations I found myself in at school. Situations such as bunking class one day and freaking out all alone and getting into a fistfight with another student. However, these were isolated incidents. Other than these, the times in school were eventful with good happenings such as the annual drama, elocution contest and school elections.On the whole, I had a good background, except some problematic situation at home. My father and mother did not see eye to eye and spent most of their time quarrelling with each other. This did not augur well for the family and it did have a profound effect on my own views about raising a family.I hail from a conservative family background. Due to my father’s occupation and also because of lack of schools in my neighbourhood, I had to frequently change schools in the early years as my family moved from one city to another during my childhood formative years, that is, up to the time, I was ten years of age.My father was a storekeeper and worked overseas up to the time I was six years of age. When he returned and found a job locally, we found that there was no school in the vicinity, and had to shift to another city about a hundred kilometres away from my father’s place of work.I found this arrangement quite suitable as I dreaded the sight of my father.... We were in the new city for one year and returned to the city where my father worked when someone started a new school here. However, the teaching standards were not to the desired level, and I had to return to the school in the same city I was earlier. I remained in this school for the rest of my school years and completed high school here. The end of my school years coincided with my father's retirement. We shifted to a cosmopolitan city where I found a job and also continued to do my college. I chose the arts stream as I always had fascination for literature. My years in college were not as carefree as my time in school. I had responsibilities. I had to pay my college fees and also give part of my income to my mother. I worked for a small automobile company where they manufactured mirrors for automobiles. It was a part time job, and I had enough time to attend college lectures and cover up the lessons on my own later on. The remuneration was not to my expectation but it was modest and I had some money left over to use as out of pocket expenses after paying my fees and giving some money to my mother. This was not entirely due to my salary as I was also receiving financial assistance from a church group in the neighborhood whom I had befriended (Growth and Development). In the meantime, my father returned to the city where he had worked previously. He could not adjust to the working conditions in the new place and also the situation at home was turning bad to worse for him. The children were growing up and challenging him when he picked fights with my mother. We could do without him. He returned to his earlier abode where he stayed till his

Progress Statement and Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Progress Statement and Development Plan - Essay Example Misunderstandings occurred occasionally due to communication breakdown and conflicts arose between team mates when there were different thoughts and ideas. I attempt to develop my communication skills and work in a multicultural group by slowing down my speaking speed and pronounce the words correctly in order to convey my ideas and messages clearly. I also try to improve my vocabularies by extensive reading. Besides that, I would like to make effort in developing my interpersonal skills by practising patience and high tolerance rather than being aggressive when facing conflicts. Two-way communications, mutual understanding and positive feedbacks are important in resolving conflicts and disputes (Agar, 1994). Thus, I have learnt to be a good listener and be open to constructive feedbacks and comments. This is especially important if I am to work in a diversity workplace in the future. Time management is another challenge which I have encountered. I faced obstacles in balancing my in- class time, time spent on assignments, study and entertainment. Time management skill is important in overcoming the problem such as careful planning of work, tight monitoring of progress and revision of plan when necessary (Smith, 1994). It would be useful to set a personal goal and develop a flexible schedule to assist me in prioritising my activities. I plan my day ahead and maintain a list of activities which must be done daily at the same allowing room of flexibility for unexpected incidents. It enables me to recognize tasks which are urgent and in need of special focus and attention followed by the important ones. In this case, I would be able to meet deadlines such as assignments deadline without any last minute rush. This skill would definitely assist me in future career success as the optimum use of time would lead to increase work efficiency and productivity. On the other hand, it ensures that I am not overloaded with work contributing to less stress and pressures. Additio nally, numerical skill is another area which is in need of improvement as it is critical for my accounting module. Numerical skills involve the ability to recognise and utilize numerical data and reflect on a person’s general intelligence and ability to rapidly perceives, processes and calculates numbers (Psychometric Success, 2011). Employers often recognise the importance of numerical skills in work practise and incorporate it as one of the selection criteria in the recruitment process. This is evidenced by the compulsory completion of numerical ability test by candidates during a job interview. The level of tests would however depend on the relevance of skill to the job (Royal Holloway University of London, 2011). As practise make perfect, I am commit to perform mathematical exercise on a weekly basis and apply it on a daily basis to resolve practical calculations. Moreover, I attempt the numerical skills test available online to assess my skills and continuously monitor m y progress. This would not only assist in my current academic success but also increase my employability. Besides that, I would require to enhance my presentation skills as it is useful in every aspect of work and life. Effective presentation and public speaking skills are essential in my university as it is part of the assessment requirements. From a business perspective, it is insufficient to only display capability in work but also be able to be presentable and talk and write well in order to be

Profit implications of customer loyalty, market segments, market share Research Paper

Profit implications of customer loyalty, market segments, market share and potential market for Sony - Research Paper Example This essay entails the implications of profits to the market variables and specifically draws comparisons on Apple Company and Sony Company (Capon, & Hulbert, 2007:60). Apple company inc. wins over its close competitors by trying different strategies that seek to lure customers into the company’s loyalty team. Some of the biggest strategies that Apple endures on are product innovative, aimed at producing the best gadgets that the customer may desire in the technological world. Apple Company outlines the customers who may make a given purchase at a given price (Lamb, et al 2009:45). The company further establishes the possibility that demographic variables will act in favor of its products. For example, Apple Company designs its products to attract the high-end market with the best products possible. Most of The Apple’s product prices squarely revolve around the market skimming technique. Therefore, its prices are relatively high to meet the cost of innovation, and the upper class consumers. During the product lifecycle, Apple reduces prices to meet the demand of other consumers down the purchase module (Treacy, 2005:70). The company defines the features that customers seek in their products. Under such circumstances, the company documents on the various technological improvements that customers may be seeking in their products. Initially, Apple was the first company to introduce iPads, tablets, and iPhones in the Technological market. The technology attracted buyers to make purchases for products served the purposes of phones and computers (Aaker & Mcloughlin, 2010:68). Therefore, the company associates itself with the best technological innovations in the mobile industry not forgetting the fact that, its gadgets support other features, for example, iTunes, voice recognition, high levels of security measures, and grid directions (Lamb,

Log 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Log 4 - Essay Example Upon my arrival, I met the nurse in charge, and she assigned me to a case involving the preparation of a patient for the operation room. The nurse in charge requested the Registered Nurse (RN) in charge of the Operation Room (OR) schedule to oversee my undertakings. Jerriann, the RN, was in charge of the most recent OR case that was scheduled for 11.30 a.m. The first task entailed preparing a patient that was in the recovery room for the operation room. In order to begin working on the patient’s preparation we had to wait for the whole team to arrive. The anesthetist first talked to the patient before we could initiate the preparation. My role as a CNS in the preparation for OR entailed ensuring that the patient’s safety was upheld during the transfer process into the OR. The role of ensuring patient safety as a CNS is important in shaping the direction of managed care outcomes, therefore, I had to make sure that protocols of transfer to the OR and preparation were obse rved. As part of this task, I had to carry out double checks to ensure that the IV lines were appropriately positioned, the side rails were up and the indwelling catheters were secure and well knotted to avoid any dislodge. After completion of the checks and observation of transfer protocols, the patient was safely transferred to the operation room. Once safely positioned in the operation room the nursing team began preparing the patient to receive spinal anesthesia. The process was quite challenging because the nursing team took almost one hour to properly insert the needle. The challenge was due to the fact that there was some resistance encountered during the insertion process. However, the process was finally successful on a second attempt. Everything was set to go after the completion of the anesthetist’s process, and the operation team started operating on the patient. Perhaps the first anomaly that I noted about the process is the fact that the team had failed

Religious ideology and the power of the state in African past Essay

Religious ideology and the power of the state in African past - Essay Example mid Caliphate came to existence in 909 AD; the Fatimids ruled following the Berber revolt, and later on, attempted to acquire morocco and Egypt as well from the Mamluks who were in control (Islam in North Africa, N.d, slide 7). The Arab leadership was evident, which subjected people to pay taxes and conversion to Islam, failure to which they would be killed. With time, Arabic became the main language, which displaced other languages, and as a result, by the 14century, Christianity had been reduced to the ration of 1 in 10 Egyptians. Islam also spread among the Berber community, mainly through army membership; the Berber captives were converted to Islam once recruited to the army (Islam in North Africa, N.d, slide 12). Despite the Berbers’ resistance, when the Muslim army conquered Morocco and Algeria, the Berbers had to convert to Islam. Arabs had succeeded in conquering the Berber territories, forcing the Berbers to be slaves. This Arab rule introduced multi–cropping, aimed at increasing the state revenue. However, the severe famine of 1062-73 influenced the decline of Fatimid rule, which was overthrown later on by the Mamluk troops, and thereafter, Mamluks took over leadership in Egypt. It is rather evident that the Arab leadership influenced the spread of Islam all over North Africa. The Ptolemaic rule existed between 332-30BC; Ptolemaists succeeded Alexander the great. They focused on advancing Egypt, with port of Alexandria being their main achievement. As a result, Alexandria became the biggest city in Egypt, therefore attracting many people from different races (Greek conquest, N.d, slide 3). The Ptolemaists aimed at expanding trade from Europe to red sea and Indian Ocean, with the Greeks introducing camels. Aksum was one of the regions involved in trade; it was ruled by king Zoscales who was of Greek origin. In 146 BC, Rome had conquered Carthage, creating a new province, Ifrikiya. As a result, Rome exploited the agriculture sector in North Africa,

Log 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Log 4 - Essay Example Upon my arrival, I met the nurse in charge, and she assigned me to a case involving the preparation of a patient for the operation room. The nurse in charge requested the Registered Nurse (RN) in charge of the Operation Room (OR) schedule to oversee my undertakings. Jerriann, the RN, was in charge of the most recent OR case that was scheduled for 11.30 a.m. The first task entailed preparing a patient that was in the recovery room for the operation room. In order to begin working on the patient’s preparation we had to wait for the whole team to arrive. The anesthetist first talked to the patient before we could initiate the preparation. My role as a CNS in the preparation for OR entailed ensuring that the patient’s safety was upheld during the transfer process into the OR. The role of ensuring patient safety as a CNS is important in shaping the direction of managed care outcomes, therefore, I had to make sure that protocols of transfer to the OR and preparation were obse rved. As part of this task, I had to carry out double checks to ensure that the IV lines were appropriately positioned, the side rails were up and the indwelling catheters were secure and well knotted to avoid any dislodge. After completion of the checks and observation of transfer protocols, the patient was safely transferred to the operation room. Once safely positioned in the operation room the nursing team began preparing the patient to receive spinal anesthesia. The process was quite challenging because the nursing team took almost one hour to properly insert the needle. The challenge was due to the fact that there was some resistance encountered during the insertion process. However, the process was finally successful on a second attempt. Everything was set to go after the completion of the anesthetist’s process, and the operation team started operating on the patient. Perhaps the first anomaly that I noted about the process is the fact that the team had failed

List Comparing And Contrasting Benefits And Burdens Of Industrialization Essay Example for Free

List Comparing And Contrasting Benefits And Burdens Of Industrialization Essay Industrialization in the first place led to increased production, through the dynamic changes in modes of production whereby it replaced the human labor with machines. This enlarged the societies from agricultural to industrial based societies. However though beneficial these industries over time have impacted negatively on the environment as they lead to environmental pollution e. g. through their emissions of harmful oxides into the atmosphere. It led to the development of cities and towns thus contributing to rural urban migrations by people to seek jobs/ employment in the cities. This movement to towns resulted to urbanization. Since now that the industries used machines production improved and became faster. This in return impacted negatively as more items were produced in bulky, leading to reduction of their market prices, as explained by the theory of supply and demand, â€Å" the higher the supply the lower the demand† (Hamilton 1995) Industrialization also led to expansion of trade and businesses throughout the world by offering a medium of transportation i.  e. through the rail roads. Due to this there was need for construction of more railroads which then created employment to the members of the society. During these constructions there was heavy clearance of vegetation, trees and forests to create enough space for building the roads and raw materials manufacturing industries. This resulted to environmental degradation as trees were fallen and the soil left bare. To add on the it resulted to pollution from the trains using the roads. Industrialization brought about new technology of learning that is writing in books, thus establishing paper manufacturing industries. This contributed to knowledge and ideas acquisition however it is disadvantageous in that it led to clearance of many tree species for pulp resulting to deforestation and species extinction. Reference Wolfgang. S, Angela. D. ( 1995). Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century. Published by University of California Press: San Diego

Coca-Cola Amatil Limited Management

Coca-Cola Amatil Limited Management Introduction The soft drink manufacturing industry is one of the largest industries around the globe. In Australia, it is one of the greatest revenue generators, estimated at $4bn as of 2016 according to the ibisworld.com 2016 report (IBISWorld.com, 2016 P. 1). The major players in the industry in Australia are Coca-Cola Amatil Limited and Asahi Holdings. The aim of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the performance of Coca-Cola Amatil Limited by first looking at the overview of the company itself. Overview of the Company Management and directors of the company The management of Coca-Cola Amatil Limited comprises of the Board of Directors and the group leadership team. The Chief Executive Officer, officially known as the group managing director, Ms. Alison Watkins (CCA, P.1) is both on the board of directors and the leadership team. The board of directors comprises of the Chairman, Mr. David Gonski, and the CEO (CCA, P. 1). The Chairman is a non-executive director. The other non-executive directors include the following: Ilana Atlas, Non-Executive Director (Independent) John Borghetti, Non-Executive Director (Independent) Anthony (Tony) Froggatt, Non-Executive Director (Independent) Martin Jansen, Non-Executive Director Mark Johnson, Non-Executive Director (Independent) Wal King, AO Non-Executive Director (Independent) David Meiklejohn, AM Non-Executive Director (Independent) Catherine Brenner, Non-Executive Director Paul OSullivan, Non-Executive Director (Independent) Krishnakumar Thirumalai, Non-Executive Director (Nominee of TCCC) (CCM, 2016) The management team consists of the Group managing director, Ms. Alison Watkins, and the following: Mr. Reg Weine, Managing Director SPC Mr. Barry OConnell, Managing Director, Australian Beverages Mr. Kadir Gunduz, Managing Director, Indonesia PNG Mr. Shane Richardson, Managing Director, Alcohol Coffee Mr. Chris Litchfield, Managing Director, New Zealand Fiji Ms. Libbi Wilson, Group Human Resources Director Ms. Betty Iyanoff, Group General Counsel Ms. Katie Newton-John, Joint Company Secretary Mr. James Lane, Sales Director Ms. Liz McNamara, Group Head of Public Affairs and Communications Mr. Simon Edgar, Director Marketing, and Strategy Mr. Chris Sullivan, Chief Procurement Officer Mr. Warwick Hutton, Chief Information Officer Mr. Andrew Wilson, General Manager-Strategy, Planning Innovation Mr. Davis Akers, Head of Investor Relations Ms. Kate Mason, Chief Transformation Officer (ibisworld.com, 2016) Major shareholders (holding at least 5% of shares) Coca-Cola Amatil Limited is a public limited company in Australia (IBISWorld.com, 2016 P. 1).   According to IBISWorld.com, (2016), the major shareholders are the following: Coca-Cola Holdings Ltd of the United States of America, with a percentage shareholding of 29.21 HSBC Custody Nominees Limited (Australia) with a share of 18.65% JP Morgan Nominees Australia Limited with 10.05% shareholding National Nominees Limited (Australia) with 8.54% shareholding Citicorp Nominees Pty Limited with 5.93% shareholding. Compensation of Directors and Top Executives The company has a remuneration committee that is responsible for setting out the remuneration of all employees. The committee has set favourable compensation incentive plans that are performance based; a key management who performs better is likely to earn more on top of the fixed remuneration. According to the CCA Annual Report (2015, P. 62), the compensation of key management personnel was as follows; A.M. Watkins, the Group Managing Director, had a fixed compensation which included Salary and leaves entitlements amounting to $2,263,266, non-monetary benefits of $450, superannuation of base salary of $19,046 and another amount of $7,720. The manager was also able to take at-risk performance related compensation which amounted to $1,564,500 (Coca-Cola Amatil Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). The Group Chief Financial Officer, Mr. M.J. Robert had a fixed salary of $1,810,083 and non-monetary benefits of $258. He also received a superannuation of base salary amounting to $9,654 (CCA Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). He was also entitled to at-risk performance-related compensation of $267,027 (CCA Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). The Group Human Resources Director, E.C Wilson, was entitled to a fixed salary of $620,987 and non-monetary benefits of $36,562 (CCA Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). The Managing Director of Indonesia PNG was entitled to a fixed salary of $719,674 and non-monetary benefits of $432,970, and a risk allowance of $ 371, 626 (CCA Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). The managing director of New Zealand and Fiji was entitled to a fixed salary of $341, 440 and non-monetary benefits of $5,254 with risk allowance of $316,269 (CCA Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). The managing director of Australian Beverages, on the other hand, was entitled to a fixed salary of $939,462 and non-monetary benefits of $118,222 with a risk allowance of $491,447 (CCA Annual Report, 2015, P. 62). Key performance Indicators (accounting and market) Coca-Cola Amatil Limited, being the largest company in the Asia Pacific in the soft drinks industry, has several key performance indicators which serve as the basis for its business decisions. According to ibisworld.com (2016), the Accounting Key Performance Indicators include: The Return on Revenue percentage Percentage Return on Shareholders Funds Percentage Return on Assets Percentage Profit Margin The Revenue per Employee The Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) per Employee The percentage Effective Tax Rate The Percentage Gearing The Interest Cover The Current Ratio The Dividends paid per Share The Marketing Key Performance Indicators are: The percentage change of Total Revenue Growth The percentage change in Sales Revenue Growth The Percentage change in Total Assets The percentage change in the Net Profit After Tax The percentage change in Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) The percentage change in Shareholders Funds Evaluation of the performance of Coca-Cola Amatil Limited Coca-Cola Amatil Limited is one of the major players in the Soft Drink Manufacturing Industry in Australia. The industrys retail market has been hit by changing customer preferences of soft drink which has led to a significant drop in revenue. However, the growth in popularity of energy and sports drinks has spearheaded the growth of the industry. According to IBISWorld.com (2016), the industry revenue has been projected to increase at an annual rate of 2.4% for the next five years through 2015-2016. In Australia, the company is ranked position 72 in the top 2000 companies. The primary source of income of the company is from the manufacture of beverage and tobacco in the Australia industry. According to ibisworld.com (2016), Coca-Cola Amatil Limited is reported to have generated total revenue of $5.253 billion in the year ending 2016. The company operates in two groups namely: Non-Alcoholic beverages, and Alcoholic, Food, and Services. Under the Non-Alcoholic Beverage segment, the company manufactures and distributes the Coca-Cola licensed products in five Asia Pacific countries which are Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (IBISWorld.com, 2016). For the purpose of evaluation, the report will cover the various segments in which Coca-Cola Amatil Limited operates. Spirit Manufacturing in Australia In 2007, CCA started to venture into the alcoholic beverage market after signing a 10 year deal with Beam Global Spirits and Wines Inc and executing it as a joint venture with SABMiller (IBISWorld.com, 2016). As of 2016, the number of companies in the industry is 71 with a turnover growth rate of 1.31 and a size of $1.7831 billion (IBISWorld.com, 2016). Coca-Cola Amatil Limited has an estimated market share of 15.3% in this industry (IBISWorld.com, 2016). Over the past five years, from 2012 to 2017, CCAs alcoholic segment has been performing well despite a reduced consumption which has slowed growth rate. According to IBISWorld.com (2016), CCAs revenue in this industry is expected to increase at an annual rate of 3.3% through December 2017. The primary competitors are Diageo Australia Limited and Asahi Holdings (Australia) Pty Limited. Diageo and Asahi Holdings have market shares of 23.6% and 12.3% respectively, implying that Diageo is the market leader followed by CCA. Fruit and Vegetable Processing in Australia The company ventures in the fruit and vegetable processing through its subsidiary company called SPC Ardmona (IBISWorld.com, 2016). The subsidiary processes a broad range of fruits and vegetable products for sale in various retail stores. The companys performance in this segment has been hampered by cheap imports from South Africa and Italy (IBISWorld.com, 2016). There has also been a competition between the major supermarkets such as Woolworths and Coles, which has also led to the reduction in prices of the products. The industry size is estimated to be $5.8864 billion with a turnover growth rate of 0.29. CCA has a market share of 5.7%. Other players in the Industry are Simplot Australia Pty Limited and Heinz Watties Pty Limited with market shares of 8.1% and 6.6% respectively (IBISWorld.com, 2016). Coca-Cola Amatil has been struggling to cope with the competition over the past five years. Generally, it has been underperforming due to oversupply from cheap imports. Extreme weather has also affected the company since it has reduced fresh produce.   In 2013, the total revenue was 319.8, up from 317.2 in 2012. There was also an increase in 2014, but the revenue decreased in 2015 which was recorded to be 319.6 down from 328.1 in 2014. The revenue in 2016 rose to 332.4. Soft Drink Manufacturing Coca-Cola Amatil boasts being the largest soft drink manufacturer in Australia with a market share of 53.8% (ibisworld.com, 2016).   Its rival, Asahi Holdings Pty Limited has a market share of 24.9%. Historically, the performance of CCA has been strong. However, high competition and shift of customers preference of soft drinks due to health concerns have significantly affected the revenue.   Despite being the market leader in the industry, CCA has been underperforming over the last five years. The companys revenue has been falling due to pressures from competitors and marketing costs. According to IBISWorld report (2016), the revenue increased between 2011 and 2012. From 2012 to 2016, the profits have sharply decreased. Overall Company Performance In overall, CCA has been performing relatively well considering the fact that its main business segment has the highest market share in Australia. Sales Revenue According to Saunders Cornett (2014), sales revenue refers to the net income from the sales of goods or services after all the costs have been subtracted. Over the last five years, CCA has been recording an unstable growth in sales revenue. As at December 2012, the sales revenue was $5,097,400. This was followed by a drop in 2013 which recorded sales revenue of $5,036,400, a growth rate of -1.2%. In 2014, the sales revenue grew at a rate of -1.9% to $4,942,800. This was the lowest figure in the span of five years. In 2015, CCA did a lot to achieve high sales revenue of %5,093,600,000 which is equivalent to a growth rate of 3.1%. In 2016, the sales revenue changed positively at a rate of 1.1% to record a figure of $5,150,800,000 (ibisworld.com, 2016). Although the sales growth rate seems to be staggering, the average growth of sales revenue from 2011 to 2016 is 1.4%. Total Revenue Saunders Cornett (2014) define total revenue as the income of a company from all sources, including the sales revenue, in a given period. The figure includes the sales revenue and revenue from other sources. Just like the sales revenue, CCA has had unstable total revenue since 2012. The company recorded $5.175 billion of total revenue in 2012 (ibisworld.com, 2016). In 2013, the total revenue dropped by 1.1% to record $5.1199 billion (ibisworld.com, 2016). In the following year, a further decline in total revenue was also realized, at a staggering figure of $5.0341 billion, which was a drop by 1.7% (ibisworld.com, 2016).   In 2015, CCAs total revenue increased at a rate of 3% to become $5.1869 billion by the end of the year (ibisworld.com, 2016). By the end of 2016, the total revenue was recorded as $5.2532 billion, which was an increase of 1.3% from the previous year. On average, the percentage change in growth rate since 2011 is 1.5%, implying that the company is on the righ t track. However, comparing to the average growth rate in the industry which was 2.36% in 2016, the company has been underperforming. Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) is the amount of money a company earns after all its expenses (Saunders Cornett, 2014). Coca-Cola Amatil Limited has been hit by fluctuations in profits, and its profits have generally been decreasing sharply from 2012 to date. In 2012, the net profit after tax was $457.8 million. This was followed by a sharp decrease in 2013, which was $79.9 million, which is a percentage decrease of 82.5% (ibisworld.com, 2016). In 2014, the profits increased more than twice and reached $272.1 million, which is 240.6% growth. The profits grew further by 44.6% in 2015 but, as of 2016 December, the profit was $246.1 million as opposed to $393.4 million in 2015, which was a decrease of 37.4% (ibisworld.com, 2016). On average, CCA has not been doing well regarding profits. Its average change in NPAT is -16.1%. As of December 2016, the industry average NPAT was 4.99%, implying that CCA has been performing poorly. Return on Revenue (ROR) To understand the profitability of CCA, it is essential to look at the change in ROR. In 2012, the change in ROR was 8.9% (ibisworld.com, 2016). In 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016, the ROR was 1.6%, 5.4%, 7.6% and 4.7% respectively (IBISWorld.com, 2016). This implies that the company was more profitable in 2012 and 2015 compared to the rest of the years. Return on Assets (ROA) The ROA measures the profitability of a company in relation to its assets. CCA has been doing well since it has been recording a positive ROA since 2012. Coca-Cola Amatil Limited management team can be said to be efficient in utilizing assets to generate revenue. From 2012 to 2016, the Return on Assets is 6.8%, 1.2%, 4.5%, 5.9%, and 3.8% respectively. The average ROA in the industry as at 2016 was 1.9% compared to CCAs 3.8% (IBISWorld.com, 2016). The company has, therefore, been performing well in the industry. Question 2 Robert Alba just won the state lottery. He has been given the option of receiving either  $62.9 million today or $5 million a year for the next 35 years, with the first payment paid  today. Discuss the process that Robert should use to determine which payment option he  prefers. Ignore all taxes and assume that Jesse will live for at least 40 more years Solution To determine the best option, we need to determine the present value the Annuity due of for the given cash flows since the payment in the second option is going to be made at the beginning of the period. Present value or the discounted value refers to the current worth of the given amount of money or the stream of cash flow that is going to be received in future at a particular rate of return (Brealey, Myers, Allen, and Mohanty, 2012). The present value is usually less than the future value due to the time value of money characteristic, which states that money will always earn an interest; therefore, a dollar today is more than a dollar tomorrow. The formula is as follow; (Brealey, Myers, Allen, and Mohanty, 2012) Where C=the cash given per period i = rate of interest n= the number of payments In this case, the present value of $62.9 million today is $62.9 million. Robert Alba should determine the present value of the cumulative cash flows of $5 million per year for 35 years.   The best option would be that with the highest present value. Using the formula above, the present value for option B will be as follow; Assuming a uniform interest rate of 10%, $53.04 million is less than $62.9 million; therefore, Robert Alba should choose option A, i.e. to receive the payment of $62.9 million now. List References Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. and Mohanty, P., 2012. Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. CCA Annual Report, 2015. Real Possibilities Real Progress-2015 Annual Report. Accessed on https://www.ccamatil.com/-/media/Cca/Corporate/Files/Annual-Reports/2015/CCA166-CCA-Annual-Report-2015-WEB_final.ashx CCA, n.d. Coca-Cola Amatil Limited. Accessed on https://www.ccamatil.com IBISWorld.com, 2016. IBISWorld Company Premium Report: Coca-Cola Amatil Limited. Balance Date: 2016 Saunders, A. and Cornett, M.M., 2014. Financial institutions management. McGraw-Hill Education.